Infectious Disease Outbreak Management

Question: Discuss about the Infectious Disease Outbreak Management. Answer: Introduction: In 2006, Kuwait adopted World Health Organization (WHO) STEPs surveillance activities in order to control and monitor or eradicate large burdens of chronic diseases and be able to detect outbreaks of most epidemic-prone diseases so as to reach international eradication standards (Altawalah, Al-Nakib, 2014). In that case, surveillance has become a national function where various activities that represent a national communicable disease surveillance system have been carried out. In some instances, the government has been also involving the academic institution to perform researchers that are highly specific in terms of the target (Turner, Reeder, Wallace, 2013 . Establishment of surveillance activities within a vertical program has enabled the government to remain close to its function. This has made the country to prevent inefficient field worker participation, extra costs, poor methods and instruments used and poor reporting schedules and forms (Altawalah, Al-Nakib, 2014). Kuwait normally practices a multiple disease approach in its surveillance where similar functions and processes are used in different diseases. The surveillance should be based on collecting only the required data that help in achieving the goals (El-Sabban, Al-Feeli, Shehab, 2016). However, different data from different diseases is collected. Eradication or elimination programs have very active surveillances which aim to detect all cases (El-Sabban, Al-Feeli, Shehab, 2016). The outcomes of all diseases are also taken into consideration. Some specific diseases also require repeated collection of data before making any conclusions or recommendations (Turner, Reeder, Wallace, 2013) . The surveillance system used in Kuwait is the WHO STEPs style that focuses on establishing the risk factors that normally determine major diseases in the country. Some of the most common diseases in the country include coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke, influenza and pneumonia, breast cancer, hypertensions, kidney diseases and chronic respiratory diseases (Razvi, Srikanth, 2013). The STEP approach is designed to help the country to develop and strengthen the capacity of conducting the best and proper surveillance (Razvi, Srikanth, 2013). In addition, this system has helped Kuwait to have an advancement of chronic diseases surveillance as it is easy to use and less costly. The system allows the nation to expand on core variables and major risk factors. In addition, the country is able to incorporate optional treatment and prevention modules for the benefit of both national and local interests (Razvi, Srikanth, 2013). The STEP system involves three major processes which include gathering key information on major risk factors using a questionnaire, then moving to basic physical measurement and finally into the more complex biochemical analysis (Razvi, Srikanth, 2013). This approach emphasizes that it is better to use small data that have good and correct information than to have a large amount of disorganized poor data (El-Sabban, Al-Feeli, Shehab, 2016). The following are the major premises of the STEPs approach; a collection of standardized information and flexibility to be used in different parts of the country with different situations and settings. In the majority of the situations, STEPs surveillance system uses the sample of the population thus allowing the results to interpret the whole general population (Razvi, Srikanth, 2013). Outbreak Management Plan at National, State and District Levels in Kuwait At the national level, the policies making and allocation of resources are often done. The national government in Kuwait plays a role of supporting other levels by providing services that are not available at lower levels such as laboratory facilities and high epidemiological skills ("WHO recommended surveillance standards,", 2016). This enables the national government to deal with outbreaks of national importance in a more coordinated style. In addition, the high-risk areas can be isolated by the central government by determining the trend and spread extents ("WHO recommended surveillance standards,", 2016). Furthermore, the central government deals with other countries and international agencies during a respond of an outbreak that has an international value and in the management of certain diseases outbreaks that have an international regulatory goal or targets to international elimination ("WHO recommended surveillance standards,", 2016). It is the work of a central government to have access to national archives and data that can be used to identify abnormal organisms and diseases in order to declare a national outbreak. The district level act as an intermediate where the data collected during an outbreak at local areas are linked to the central government (Karki, 2015). The major functions of the district level in outbreak management are control of the ongoing analysis of information from the local areas and perform surveillance at the district level in order to demonstrate changes in disease trends. The analysis is then associated with interventions and investigations (Karki, 2015). In addition to that, the district level performs interventions and analyzed the outcomes as compared to other districts or previous managements. In many cases, professionals at this level are given tasks in the areas of program management (Karki, 2015). Most of the tasks managed here must be providing a high level of usefulness so as to maintain an outbreak at this level. If the district does not have special equipment, they always refer to national levels for help (Karki, 2015). The local areas provide a point of contact between the health care services and the ill people where an outbreak had occurred (Jhaveri, 2015). This is where direct management of an outbreak happens. The patients are normally seen by nurses, clinical officers, and doctors. It is good to understand that, most of the staffs in this level see epidemiological surveillance as administrative or not as important as patient treatment. In that case, the major task at local areas is a diagnosis of the diseases, case management, reporting of cases treated and those that are not plus tabulating and graphing the data (Kanungo, 2013). Certain conditions can be troublesome and thus need national attention. The local areas also identify the exact needs of the patients who need attention. Isolation at the local level is also done, health promotion and direct prevention (Kanungo, 2013) . Public health management of disasters in Kuwait Disasters, whether man-made or natural, can occasionally pose serious health threats that can lead to loss of life, mental illness and disabilities (Otomo, Burkle, 2014). Poor or lack of preparedness can lead to more severe outcomes, venality and poor or lack of ability to deal with health threats. Kuwait has developed a clear public health system that collaborates with corporate institutions in planning and emergency preparing for any future possible man-made or natural calamities (Ghazi, 2016). Some of the most common natural disasters include floods, drought, tornadoes, earthquakes, and terrorism. Kuwait has experienced a number of disasters starting from natural to manmade disasters. Some of this includes the bombing of Shia mosque in 2015, the wedding at Jahra in 2009 where at least 57 people were killed and 90 others wounded and road accidents. Due to these incidences, the public health in Kuwait has been increasing capacities of human actors in managing public health emergenc ies (Otomo, Burkle, 2014). The country is establishing a system that will enhance the communitys capacity in terms of psychological aid in case of a disaster so as to help the affected ones in post-disaster management (Regens, Mould, 2014). In addition, the public health sector in Kuwait is strengthening health care workers knowledge, skills, and attitude in managing any disaster that may rise. In addition, the group has been trained on how to assess and manage psychological cases during and after the disaster (Regens, Mould, 2014). The public health has also been advocating for disaster risk management. This is to enable the government to see the need to expand health care facilities and ready manpower in case of any disaster (Ghazi, 2016). This is done by looking possible disasters that may happen, how they have been solved by other countries or previously, how they can be solved and who are involve. This is to be able to determine the country disaster containment capacity and checking where they may need help (Regens, Mould, 2014). The public health care also provides the basic services so as to improve the health status of the affected people (Otomo, Burkle, 2014). These services include national education, proper community rehabilitation centers ad provision of a good foundation for disaster responses (Otomo, Burkle, 2014). The policies and strategies developed by public health care concerning the primary health care in Kuwait contribute in reducing vulnerability in relation to households preparation after a disaster. The public health care educates and general communities about the risk areas and methods of avoidance of manmade disasters like terrorism (Otomo, Burkle, 2014). After a disaster the public health access the local needs and possible health risks of the community, actual actions that need to be addressed and how to avoid possible health hazards available and prepare a more active community that can reduce any possible future occurrence of an emergency (Regens, Mould, 2014). The public health should have a clear structure that shows how the post-psychotic trauma is handled and possible rehabilitation systems (Ghazi, 2016) Disease Outbreak Investigation The public health normally responds to any disease outbreak with an intention to determine the nature and origin of the outbreak (Al Turki, 2015). The nature of the investigation is normally influenced by the state policies, reporting requirements and availability of resources. In Kuwait, after an outbreak the, the public health officer or the public health nurse normally performs the outbreak investigations (Al Turki, 2015). The initial step includes assessment of the outbreak which involves taking and collecting the initial data such as time the outbreak started, the total number of affected and non-affected people, symptoms experienced and the duration they take, The setting the outbreak begin with, whether food is involved and any laboratory test that might be have been done (Geng, Zhang, Yang, 2013). When starting an outbreak certain attributes are checked such as severity of the cases and the source of the outbreak plus mode of transfusion. There should be a clear process on how to take actions when an outbreak is detected. Levels of inspection usually vary from a site inspection and a case of series to large analytical epidemiological investigation that consists of data collection of a large number of patients (Ibrahim, Al Gibali, Sakran, Al Ansari, 2013). Disease outbreak investigation steps normally differ depending on the fact that, disease outbreaks are different in nature (Geng, Zhang, Yang, 2013). A complete investigation may not be needed mostly when the outbreak is similar from person to person. There are two major types of disease outbreaks, those that are transmitted person to person and food outbreaks. This creates two major modes of transmission, person to person which include airborne and contact transmission or food transmission which may also include waterborne transmission (Ibrahim, Al Gibali, Sakran, Al Ansari, 2013). One of the initial responses to an outbreak is to establish if actually, the outbreak is occurring. In this, it is normally good to consider the population number of the community and check the affected and those that are not (House, 2014). After that, the public health officer should conduct a site visit which may be useful in spacemen collection and ensuring prevention measures are at place. The public health officer then resents the specimen collected and the report for laboratory investigation so as to confirm the diagnosis (House, 2014). All other aspects are further investigated deeply. After that, a case is formulated newly, collect the specimen result and present the case findings (Jhaveri, 2015) . The public health office analyses the case to determine the source of infection which involves determining the first patient, the incubation period, the mode of transmission and any other possible characteristic of the causal organism. After that, the environmental investigation an d food sampling are done to check and inspect the entry mechanism or the possible way the causal organism or substances may have existed (House, 2014). Finally .an epidemiological analytical study may be better so as to test the hypothesis. Outbreak monitoring is then done after which if the outbreak in contained it is declared over. The public health officer communicates to the public and finally files a report (Geng, Zhang, Yang, 2013). Importance of Epidemic Curves as a Method to Graphically Depict outbreaks and how to Estimate Incubation Period' The epidemic curve is one the most used histogram in epidemiology that provides a visual display of the magnitude of disease outbreaks and also showing their time trend. This tool act as a basic investigative instrument since they provide a large number of information needed to discuss and present trends of an outbreak (Liu, Deng, 2015). The epidemic curves normally show the magnitude of the disease outbreak over time in a very simple and more comprehended way (Liu, Deng, 2015). This usually makes the public health officer performing the investigation to distinguish and differentiate those outbreaks that are epidemic and those that are endemic. Using the epidemic curves it is possible for one to note any correlated events on any graph (Liu, Deng, 2015). The shape displayed by some epidemic curves may also be used to show and provide clues and tips about pattern relating to the spread extends in a certain population (Liu, Deng, 2015). In addition, the curves are used to show the exact position where you are in the course of the epidemic period, that is, if you are at the increasing rate, the decreasing rate or if the outbreak has ended. This is crucial information since it predicts how much cases will occur in the near future (Schanzer, Vachon, Pelletier, 2013). When performing an analysis, the curve can also be used to ask and answer questions like; how long did it take for the health ministry to know the existence of the problem? Are the current plans and interventions working? (Schanzer, Vachon, Pelletier, 2013) The most important another aspect of the epidemic curve is that any outliers cases that do not fit in the drawn curve can be used to provide very crucial cues (Liu, Deng, 2015). If the decrease and the incubation period of the disease are known, the epidemic curves can be used to predict probable time the disease will be affecting people. In that case, the curve will be used to develop and create questionnaires that are highly convenient and working (Liu, Deng, 2015). The incubation period is normally defined as the time a person is exposed to causative agent until the time that person develops or shows the first symptom which is a characteristic of all disease agents (Nsoesie, Leman, Marathe, 2014). To determine and know the period of exposure for any outbreak, a public health officer may need to know the average incubation period for a certain disease and the range of all the incubation periods (Nsoesie, Leman, Marathe, 2014). There are two types of incubation periods that are usually reported which include maximum and minimum incubation periods. To determine the period of exposure one need to know the peak of the outbreak presented as the time period where the highest number of cases occurred. Then count from that highest point the average incubation period if the infection and take the date (Schanzer, Vachon, Pelletier, 2013). After that, one should now identify the earliest case that was presented in the outbreak and count back the lowest incubation period. Finally one need to note the date of the maximum incubation period by identifying the ask cause of the outbreak and counting back the time period (Schanzer, Vachon, Pelletier, 2013). References Al Turki, Y. (2015). Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa and challenge of Hajjand Umrah in Saudi Arabia.Journal Of Taibah University Medical Sciences,10(2), 248-249. doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2014.10.001 Altawalah, H., Al-Nakib, W. (2014). WHO Collaborating Centre for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome for the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.Medical Principles And Practice. El-Sabban, F., Al-Feeli, H., Shehab, K. (2016). Perception of Body Weight Gain among First- Year Kuwait University Students.Obesity Research - Open Journal,3(1), 10-17. Geng, X., Zhang, J., Yang, G. (2013). Investigation of an Adenovirus-Induced Respiratory Disease Outbreak.Advances In Infectious Diseases,03(04), 257-262. Ghazi, S. (2016). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of cupping therapy among Saudi patients attending primary health care in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.International Journal Of Medical Science And Public Health,5(5), 966. House, T. (2014). Correction: Epidemiological dynamics of Ebola outbreaks.Life,3. https://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.05419 Ibrahim, K., Al Gibali, O., Sakran, M., Al Ansari, K. (2013). Measles Outbreak in Qatar Qatar Medical Journal,2010(2), 12..doi.org/10.5339/qmj.2010.2.12 Jhaveri, R. (2015). Outbreak Management.Clinical Therapeutics,37(11), 2400-2401. doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2015.10.003 Kanungo, R. (2013). Infectious disease outbreak management: Lessons learned from the H1N1 outbreak.Indian Journal Of Medical Microbiology,28(1), 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.58718 Karki, R. (2015). Management of disease outbreak in Nepal.The Lancet,386(9991), 335-336. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)61403-9 Liu, Q., Deng, C. (2015). Analysis of dynamical behaviors for a delayed sis epidemic model with incubation period.International Journal Of Applied Mathematics,28(5). https://dx.doi.org/10.12732/ijam.v28i5.3 Nsoesie, E., Leman, S., Marathe, M. (2014). A Dirichlet process model for classifying and forecasting epidemic curves.BMC Infectious Diseases,14(1). https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-12 Otomo, Y., Burkle, F. (2014). Breakout Session 1 Summary: Frameworks and Policies Relating to Medical Preparedness and Health Management in Disasters.Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness,8(04), 359-360. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.72 Principles of Epidemiology: Lesson 6, Section 2|Self-Study Course SS1978|CDC. (2017).Cdc.gov. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ophss/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson6/section2.html Raja, M. (2016). Measles Outbreak Investigation Report Western Area.MOJ Public Health,4(6). https://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojph.2016.04.00101 Razvi, S., Srikanth, S. (2013). One WHO STEPS Stroke tool for all settings?.The Lancet Neurology,6(5), 386-387. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70090-x Regens, J., Mould, N. (2014). Prevention and Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury Due to Rapid-Onset Natural Disasters.Frontiers In Public Health,2. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00028 Schanzer, D., Vachon, J., Pelletier, L. (2013). Age-specific Differences in Influenza A Epidemic Curves: Do Children Drive the Spread of Influenza Epidemics?.American Journal Of Epidemiology,174(1), 109-117. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr037 Turner, A., Reeder, B., Wallace, J. (2013). A Resource Management Tool for Public Health Continuity of Operations During Disasters.Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness,7(02), 146-152. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.24 WHO recommended surveillance standards, (2016). Retrieved ,from https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/surveillance/WHO_CDS_CSR_ISR_99_2_EN/en/

The Role of ‘Race’ in Caribbean Sense of Identity Essay Sample free essay sample

Introduction The geographical entity called the Caribbean is approximately made up of islands within the Caribbean Sea and the coastal lands of Central and South America. The being of this portion of the universe was brought to the attending of Europe. with the landing of ships of Christopher Columbus and his crew on parts of Cuba and Hispaniola tardily in 1492 AD. The Caribbean is made up of many islands that prevarication within the tropical and semitropical climatic zones of Central America. The alone geographical location of these alien islands as a intersection of the Americas. the outstations of Europe and the finish of inexpensive labour from Africa and Asia. has made them open to all influences. The history of migration into the Caribbean Islands threw together diverse races and civilizations of peoples from all the continents of the universe. The net consequence is the creative activity of such a alone racial mix that is difficult to happen anywhere else in the universe ; and which has resulted in an individuality job for the Caribbean people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of ‘Race’ in Caribbean Sense of Identity Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the words of Dr Bhoendradatt Tewarie. Campus Principal of the University of West Indies. St. Augustine: â€Å"Caribbean people have an individuality job. The inquiry of individuality remains unsolved. We have a history. we are located in a topographic point. and we have built relationships. a civilization is germinating but we do hold individuality jobs. † Part of these jobs is the function which racial consciousness dramas in the sense of individuality of Caribbeans. The Caribbean sense of individuality through racial consciousness is partially located in their history-how they came to be where they are today. Historical Background The assorted racial groups which today populate the Caribbean Islands are derived from: Autochthonal people-Tainos. Africans. Europeans and Asiatic Indians. There are three identifiable migratory paths into the islands of the Caribbean. From Europe came the adventurers led by Christopher Columbus. who rapidly transmuted into conquistadores and settlers ; and began the development of mineral and agricultural resources of the new lands. utilizing the autochthonal peoples they met on the islands as slave labour. Then in came the Africans. who were forcefully brought in as slaves from their fatherlands in West Africa ; to replace the Tainos. who by mid 16th century AD had been practically wiped out by the predatory and rampaging Europeans. Much later came in the Asiatic Indians who arrived as apprenticed labourers. Since the white European work forces arrived without their adult females. they were forced by fortunes to mate foremost with the autochthonal Tainos. and subsequently with their female African slaves. This mix created a alone racial group called the ‘Mulatto’ . The male mulatto progeny of the white European work forces became their inheritors. They inherited all the belongings of their white male parents. including their black slaves. This was the beginning of the split between black Africans and their mulatto half brothers. The societal apparatus in most of the Caribbean settlements had the white settlers at the top of the societal ladder. the black Africans at the underside and the mulattos someplace in between. After emancipation of slaves. and the going of white settlers. the mulatto population stepped up the societal ladder as elites in their assorted communities. as is good illustrated by the instance of Haiti after the war of independency forced the Gallic out in 1804. Situation of Sense of Identity Today Since they considered themselves racially superior to the black African ex-slaves the mulatto populations of most Caribbean islands have maintained a separate individuality from the inkinesss. Class and privilege was determined by the elation of the tegument. The state of affairs has to a big extent remained so. Those inkinesss wishing to travel up the societal ladder. for illustration in state like Haiti. resorted to decoloring their black tegument. to achieve what they consider to be the superior tegument tone euphemistically termed ‘high yellow’ . Thus the sense of individuality of the assorted Caribbean groups has become to a big extent determined by their racial categorization as white. mulatto. Indian and black. Bibliography Identity. Merit. Equity.hypertext transfer protocol: //sta. uwi. edu/uwiToday/2006/June/cbnidnt. asp( accessed Jun 4. 2007 )

Scanning the Remote Environment Essay Example

Scanning the Remote Environment Paper The health reform will affect the way Freshness makes business because the company needs to adapt the new payments-per-service coverage and sustain quality Of service as well as profitability. External Environmental Scan Remote Environment The remote environment comprises five factors that originate beyond, and usually irrespective of, any single firms operating situation: economic, social, political, technological, and ecological factors (Pearce II Robinson, 201 2, p. 87). The organization has no control or regulation over these factors. The remotes environmental factors influence the way Freshness Medical Care offers dialysis services, especially the economic and political factors. The economic factor describes the organization awareness of the general availability of credit, the level of disposable income, and the propensity of people to spend (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 87). Freshness target market is end-stage-renal-disease patients with health care insurance. The economic factor will affect Freshness target and the ability to pay for dialysis treatment and medications. The political factors define the legal and regulatory parameters within which firms must operate (Pearce II Robinson, 201 2, p. 90). A good example of political factor is the Obama Care Law or Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The president Bark Obama signs the law in 2010 with the purpose of providing accessibility to affordable medical care to the Americans and to reduce the government expenses. For-profits entities like Freshness Medical Care have to adapt the new regulations and create a strategic plan to avoid the potential reduction on profit. We will write a custom essay sample on Scanning the Remote Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Scanning the Remote Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Scanning the Remote Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Industry Environment Industry environment is the general conditions for competition that influence all businesses that provide similar products and services (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 97). There are five forces that Michael E. Porter, a Harvard University professor, uses to describe the industry competition (Pearce II Robinson, 2012). These forces are entry barriers, supplier power, buyer power, substitute availability, and competitive rivalry (Pearce II Robinson, 2012). Freshness Medical Care major competitor in the united States is Davit Dialysis Center. Freshness recognizes and study the competitors strategies to strength the organization. The Obama Care law affects the dialysis industry by changing the medication coverage. Freshness competitor owns pharmaceuticals with capability to serve the dialysis patients s soon the law becomes active in 2016. Freshness identifies the threat of substitute of the competitor and create a program that provides medications to the patients and increase the company profitability even before the law is effective. The goal for Freshness is to enroll a 100% of patients with Medicare in Freshness Rug program by the end of 2013. So far Freshness is at 20% of the goal in California. Operating Environment The external operating environment seems to be closer to the firm than the remote and the industry environments. Operating environment includes the allowing factors: competitors, creditors, customers, labor, and supplier (Pearce II Robinson, 2012). The proximity of these factors implies that the company may have more interaction and more awareness of the environmental changes. F-or example, Freshness study the effect Of the new health reform on the main competitor, Davit Dialysis, the patients, the employees, the pharmaceutical suppliers, and medication distributors. Freshness uses this information to create new strategies and reform the internal environment. Internal Environmental Scan Strengths A strength is a resource or capability controlled by or available to a firm that ivies it an advantage relative to its competitors in meeting the needs of the customers it serves (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 51). Freshness Medical Care is a German company with more than 70 years of experience in the dialysis industry. The company operates worldwide and has more than 2,100 dialysis facilities in North America (Freshness Medical Care, n. D. , p. 1). In addition to the experience and knowledge, Freshness is the continents top producer of dialysis equipment, idealizes and related disposable products and a major supplier of renal pharmaceuticals (Freshness Medical Care, n. D p. 1). Another important strength is the high quality standards on the services and products that the company provides. Weakness With the strength comes the weakness. A weakness is a limitation or deficiency in one or more of a firms resources or capabilities relative to its competitors that create a disadvantage in effectively meeting customer needs (Pearce II Robinson, 201 2, p. 151). The weakness that the company confronts with the new health care reform is the pharmaceutical capability. The pharmacy should be ready to serve hundreds Of thousands of people throughout the United States (Freshness Medical Care, n. D. , p. ) by 2016. Freshness has two pharmacies that provide services to more than 2,000 facilities. The prescription delivery time fluctuates between two days and two weeks, which gives advantage to the competitors. Another weakness that Freshness has is the pressure putting into the employees to meet the project deadlines. This pressure may cause work accidents, employees exhaustion or the reason for knowledgeable employees to move and work with the competitors. Competitive Position and Possibilities Competitive advantage is the companys unique skills and resources working to implement strategies that competitors cannot implement as effectively (Olsen, 2013, p. 1) Freshness Medical Care (FMC) has a competitive advantage position because the company keeps the vanguard on dialysis product innovation and quality of service. FMC is the major product provider of the competitors in United States as well. A strategic alliance between FMC and the competitors may help the industry to survive the new health care reform and the implications to dialysis treatment payments. This alliance may reduce the cost of the medications and improve customer service by delivering medications the same day of the prescription order. If an alliance s impossible, the knowledge, and experience in strategic planning that characterize Freshness, will lead the company to a new plan to keep profitability while doing business. Other possibilities may be open more pharmacies around the United States, and diversify the medications inventory. In this way Freshness will be able to fill any medication prescription to the patients as well as improve delivery time. Organizational Structure and Performance Organizational structure refers to the formalized arrangements of interaction between and responsibility for the tasks, people, and resources in n organization (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 321). Freshness Medical Care has a traditional matrix organizational structure in which functional and staff personnel are assigned to both a basic functional area and to a project or product manager (Pearce II Robinson, 2012, p. 326). This type of structure helps large companies to concentrate in projects like the creation of strategic plan to meet the government health reform and meet the companys goal. Conclusion The external and internal environmental analysis brings information to Freshness Medical Care (FMC) that the company uses to strengthen the many and be aware of potential treats and opportunities. For example, the external remote environment factor that influences the companys structure is the new government health care reform or the Obama Care Law by changing the amount of payment per dialysis treatment. The external industry and operating environments analysis provide information about the competitors strategies in relation to the new regulations. Davit Dialysis Center represents FMC biggest competitor. Freshness strengths are experience, knowledge, innovation, biggest producer of dialysis materials, and high quality measures. Freshness nakedness are the pharmacy capability, deadlines, and pressure. Freshness uses the strength to improve pharmacy services; decrease employees work pressure, and maintain competitive, and profitable in the dialysis industry. Freshness organizational structure helps the company to meet the companys goals, mission, and mission. The matrix structure permits functional employees to work in special projects, perform a functional work, and meet the companys expectations. For example, Freshness has the Registered Dietitians working on FMC Rug (Companys pharmacy) enrollment project and performing regular dietitian job. The dietitian reports to the manager of operations as well as the Clinical Manager.

SAT Practice Essay

SAT Practice EssayAre you considering taking the SAT practice exam but are not sure how to go about doing so? Your first step is to take a look at this short article, which gives some great advice on how to get your essay finished in time for the test.Writing an essay or a test is never easy, but if you follow a few guidelines, you can really make the test easier for yourself. First of all, try to get the class to read your essay or test as many times as possible before it is due. It is sometimes helpful to listen to other students read their essays before writing yours, or you could read one of your own essays and hear what they thought of it. Doing this can help you come up with a better essay, even if your teacher doesn't look at it.Second, if you don't know anything about essay writing, you should consider taking a course on writing, because the more unique ideas you can express, the better. It can be very helpful to start writing at an early age, as children tend to be able to e xpress things better than adults.Third, the basic rule is to write what you know. If you cannot express yourself clearly and concisely, you shouldn't try to write. Don't try to be witty or original, just be honest and try to put across a message you know, without having to go into too much detail. At the end of the essay, use your own specific knowledge to tell the reader why you wrote the essay and what you meant by your words.Fourth, remember that your essay should have a proper sentence structure. The key is to write in a straightforward manner, without any unnecessary filler words. This will also help you to express yourself better, since you will be able to think of the meaning of each word.Fifth, never overuse a key phrase or a one-word sentence. It can be helpful to shorten the essay, but be sure to use only one of these key phrases or sentences. In other words, don't fill your essay with numerous small words.Sixth, take the time to study and prepare before you sit down to si t your test. Reading a sample essay beforehand is a good idea, especially if you aren't sure what questions are going to be on it.Finally, there are a number of websites online that can provide you with some useful information about SAT practice essay, and some even give you a place to post your essay on for others to see and comment on. If you do your homework, then you should have no problem getting your essay graded accurately.

The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essays

The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essays The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essay The Issue Related To Child Abuse Social Work Essay sexual maltreatment ( runing from exposure and caressing to intercourse, incest, and colza ) , and emotional maltreatment ( unequal parenting and break up unfavorable judgment ) . Drumhead The incidence of maltreatment depends on the combination of factors qualifying the parent and kid. Assorted types of maltreatment exist, and the effects of the job are legion and lay waste toing. It is clear that aid is needed for all both elements: the kid and parent. Systems Approach to Child Maltreatment Introduction Since kid maltreatment and disregard are non entirely societal, legal, psychological or medical jobs, they should non be manages by one subject or profession entirely. These are complex jobs affecting Judgess, attorneies, constabulary officers, societal workers, doctors, and pedagogues. Often, assisting attempts remain disconnected among assorted subjects, communications and coordination are hard to implement, there is a duplicate of attempts by viing bureaus, and tear and hostility exist among viing attacks to the job. [ The Social Construction of Child Abuse, 1975 ; 363-371 ] In response to the job of kid ill-treatment, several legal powers have created multidisciplinary kid protection squads to look into, buttocks, and dainty instances of kid maltreatment. The format and execution of these squads vary nationally, yet they normally include the accomplishments of legal, societal work, mental wellness, and medical professionals, and it has by and large been found that the squads corporate expertness provides more comprehensive, valuable counsel to an single social worker, research worker, justice, etc. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 7-13 ] Punitive V. Curative Approachs There are two general positions of how to near the job of kid maltreatment: The punitory attack positions child maltreatment as a offense for which parents must be punished. The curative attack positions child maltreatment as a household job necessitating intervention for the household. The attack to child, protection has bit by bit shifted from punitory to curative, with the current positions that intervention and rehabilitation, instead than penalty and requital, and is the best agencies of protecting endangered kids. Five major systems are involved in kid maltreatment jurisprudence enforcement, societal service, medical, and instruction systems and the positions of each will now be discussed. Law enforcement Perspective The constabulary officer s primary duty to the community is to forestall offense, apprehend felons, guarantee public safety, and enforce Torahs. Police may take portion in the probes of alleged instances of kid ill-treatment since they have the legal authorization to derive entree to the place and take the kid or maltreater from the place if the life or wellness of the individual is in danger. The bulk of kids, nevertheless, are comparatively in a nonthreatening mode so that the parent s response to this initial experience is receptive to therapy and does non prevent future bureau contacts. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 149-152 ] Although the coverage Torahs in many States require a constabulary probe and study, police engagement is rare and many constabularies sections refer the instance to a protective service bureau for probe and proviso of services. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 31 ] While some constabulary sections have initiated specifically trained kid abuse units, the bulk of constabulary sections have non. The police officer called to measure the scene of suspected kid maltreatment normally lacks the preparation and diagnostic accomplishments necessary to measure the earnestness of the state of affairs and find appropriate action for the public assistance of the household. This issue stems from the attitude that any assisting map necessitating the usage of interpersonal accomplishments diminishes the masculine authorization image of the constabulary, and the strong belief that assisting people is basically a societal work map that is distinct from the existent work of the constabulary. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 40 ] Realistically, the constabulary officer can be trained to go more of a specializer in managing household crises without compromising the primary map of keeping jurisprudence and order. Bard suggests that alterations are needed in the co nstabulary organisational construction, that cooperation with other assisting systems are needed, and that intensive preparation plans in household crisis intercession should be instituted. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 41 ] These alterations would enable the officer to move with greater effectivity and personal satisfaction and to the benefit of society. [ Overview of the Problem, 1975 ; 42 ] Another issue is that juvenile constabulary research workers are short-handed and overworked. Because of the low precedence they place on the job of kid maltreatment, constabulary decision makers tend to restrict the figure of research workers may besides reflect the traditional attitude that the function of constabulary is maintain jurisprudence and order, non the advocate and intervene in domestic jobs. Social Service Perspective By virtuousness of their preparation and occupation function, most societal workers are sensitive to the job, and are able to place and therefore study suspected instances of ill-treatment. The societal worker ( besides referred to as a protective service worker ) conducts the probe, appraisals, and intervention of instances. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Because of the nature of societal work preparation, societal workers tend to see kid maltreatment within the broader context of the household kineticss and interaction forms, instead than concentrating on the maltreatment itself. If a household is collaborating with the intervention, a societal worker will frequently avoid constabulary intercession and possible tribunal proceedings, experiencing that these would be counterproductive to a curative relationship with the household. [ Child Abuse Case Identification and Reporting, 1977 ; 7 ] However, if a kid is in utmost danger, or if the worker feels that by d escribing, more resources and intervention would go available for the household, the societal worker will describe a instance to the constabulary. Social workers frequently find themselves in a quandary between what they feel they should make as required by their occupation and what they personally experience would be in the best involvements of the kid and the household. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Many societal workers feel that the best manner to manage ill-treatment is to do every attempt to maintain the kid in the place and maintain the household integral while step ining with supportive services ( housewifes, twenty-four hours attention, guidance, etc. ) With the belief that surrogate attention and institutional attention are unequal replacements and abused kids will normally return place voluntarily, the current tendency is to maintain the kid with his natural parents and learn the parents more effectual parenting accomplishments. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] A major issue in societal service sections is that more support is needed to supply a larger staff, increased preparation, and more outreach work in the community. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Protective service workers are by and large overworked and underpaid due to deficits of support and staff. Another job that faces societal workers is a deficiency of cooperation among community bureaus. Often bureaus will decline to portion information with a societal service section, fearing that they will be robbed of the instance when, in fact, the societal service section s purpose is to derive a better apprehension of a instance in order to supply more complete services. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 221-235 ] Social worker burnout is another important job. Working with maltreatment instances is an highly demanding undertaking which requires exceeding sensitiveness. Social workers must be able to accept cordial reception and rejection without experiencing the demand to revenge. Due to emotional exhaustion, many workers lose their sensitiveness and burnout , thereby going uneffective as assisting individuals. A self-help group composed of protective service workers has emerged to supply a good support system for workers who daily sustain emotionally run outing experience and need an mercantile establishment to vent their defeat. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 235-237 ] Medical Position The doctor s chief function in kid maltreatment instances is to be an accurate pathologist and to supply medical intervention. [ The Child Protection Team Handbook, 1978 ; 39 ] Many experts believe that physicians are the professionals most qualified, to place kid maltreatment, yet many physicians find that naming maltreatment is highly hard for several grounds. Doctors, in general, have merely minimum preparation related specifically to child raising and ill-treatment ; many have non mastered interviewing accomplishments and observation techniques which are necessary in placing maltreatment ; and many do non obtain information from patients unless it is volunteered. [ Child Abuse Case Identification and Reporting ; 1977 ; 8-8 ] Although sensing of kid maltreatment is portion of the duty of doctors, they may be hesitating to describe it ; even though it is illegal non to describe it. The issue of confidentiality, privateness, and professional moralss enter into the doctor s determination devising procedure. The doctor may experience that professional moralss involved in the physician patient relationship preclude describing a instance of maltreatment. Possible liability, possible harm to a doctor s pattern, and the desire to avoid the possibility of attesting in tribunal or covering with angry parents are principles for a physician s non describing kid maltreatment. Ultimately, the doctor s major concern should be the patient s public assistance ; that is what is best for the kid. As with other professionals, the diagnosing and study of child maltreatment is a affair of the doctor s judgement. Education Position The instructors function topographic points them in a premier place for roll uping information about kids and their place environment. Since they have continual day-to-day contact with kids over long periods of clip, they are able to detect any unusual fortunes and alterations in a kid s visual aspect and behaviour, which allows them to do determinations about suspected instances of ill-treatment. They may go leery of a kid who becomes excessively aggressive, overactive, or who all of a sudden becomes really inactive and withdrawn. Children who are systematically tardily for school, come to school excessively early, hesitate to travel place, or are absent without sensible accounts, may be demoing indicants of possible maltreatment. Teachers are able to detect the kid s interaction with his equals, grownups, aliens, and detect his behaviour at drama. Besides, instructors have an chance to go acquainted with the kid s parents and organize some feeling of the kid s household life and place environment and of the parents grade of involvement and concern for the kid. Despite the fact that instructors are in a premier place to indentify and describe suspected child maltreatment, they frequently have their ain position of what constitutes good parenting patterns. Many instructors tend to overlook maltreatment, since they themselves believe in the patterns of rough subject in the schoolroom. Others are keenly cognizant of maltreatment, and position it as a manifestation of household jobs in the kid s place. Another current issue is the resistance voiced by parents and communities sing compulsory coverage, by school forces, of suspected kid maltreatment instances. Many parents view the instructor s duty to describe suspected instances of ill-treatment as an invasion into the privateness of household personal businesss. Communities have opposed it due to concern over the confidentiality of records. The National Center on Child Abuse has observed that, in general, community response to describing kid maltreatment through the school system has been highly negative ; therefore, community instruction, support, and engagement are critical. Decision Each profession has its ain function, undertaking, and position on managing instances of ill-treatment, and these functions, unluckily, frequently overlap, or otherwise come into struggle, doing a duplicate of attempts, deficiency of services. Many research workers conclude that a multidisciplinary squad attack is more effectual manner of pull offing the job of kid maltreatment. Decision The direction of job of kid maltreatment is in a province of alteration and alteration. The Torahs and processs are obscure and vary from legal power to legal power. The figure of reported instances of ill-treatment has been turning at a gait that overwhelms the professionals who process them. This addition is straight related to the alteration in the Torahs sing compulsory coverage and unsusceptibility from malpractice suits every bit good as to alter in our societal construction. Further research is needed to find the current incidence and badness of kid maltreatment and disregard ; to clear up the relationships between the psychological, societal, familial, and economic factors and child ill-treatment ; to research promising preventative and intervention techniques ; and to measure the effectivity of bing plans. Child maltreatment affects our full society. It is no longer merely a household job but a societal, legal, moral, and medical concern. It concerns non merely the kid and the maltreater: all of us are involved as neighbours, friends, relations, citizens, professionals as homo. It is naif to believe that child maltreatment can be eradicated wholly. However, like so many other social jobs, a conjunct attempt can relieve the job to some extent and cut down the emotional and fiscal costs. The costs are incalculable. For the abused and ignored kid there is terrible physical and emotional hurting. For the maltreater there may be feelings of insufficiency, insecurity, bitterness, defeat, guilt, and shame. For the populace there is the disbursal of medical intervention, tribunal proceedings, Foster attention, bar undertakings, and intervention plans. In add-on, since every abused kid is potentially an opprobrious parent and unstable grownup, there is the inestimated cost to society of perpetuating the job from coevals to coevals.

The Depicting Graphs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Depicting Graphs - Assignment Example The decrease in the cost of production will increase the profit margins of the company. Hence, it will be willing to supply more t-shirts. This is depicted by the outward shift of the supply curve from S1 to S2. Therefore, the increased quantity supplied decreases the shortage in the market. The curve of Marginal Revenue depicts the extra revenue that is earned from selling an extra unit of output. It declines linearly as the output increases. The curve of Marginal cost shows the extra cost that is incurred from producing an extra unit of output. It is the U-shaped curve that first declines reaches a minimum cost and then rises as the output increases. The curve of Average Cost portrays the mean cost of producing a certain level of output. It declines sharply at first, reaches a minimum average cost and then steadily rises as the output produced is increased. The demand curve depicts the quantity demanded at different prices. It is a downward sloping curve. As the price decreases, the quantity demanded increases. I believe that the firm will not face severe competition for a long time as barriers to entry are high in this monopolistic market structure. This will guarantee the firm sure profits in the long run as well. One of the first impacts will be the increased price of the imported goods and services. This will increase the cost of these commodities in the UK market. As well as the producers will increase their cost to cover their rise in price in their imported raw materials. Therefore, this will lead to cost-push inflation in the UK market. On the other hand, the depreciation will boost the UK exports and lead to increase in their demand. All in all, the increases exports and the reduced imports will lead to a growth in the GDP of the country. At the same time, the other European markets will face tough competition from the low priced UK exports.  

Outline chapter(4) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Outline chapter(4) - Assignment Example This is explained through the relationship of various effects that may accrue, from the innumerable studies that have been conducted. This means that sophisticated approaches have been bore during the past several decades that help in understanding effects. Next, Hattie sub-groups these consequences into various sub categories in order to understand the specification criterion that best explains the entire effect. For instance, he disintegrates the schooling process into components like students, the process of teaching and learning, other co-curriculum activities, the teachers in charge, the curriculum being used, stakeholders partaking the schooling process, just to mention but a few. With such sub divisions, they can be well understood in this individualized content. This just explains what begets the dynamic perspective of the schooling process. Hattie then establishes a measurement criterion for the varied observations made from the individualized sub groups. This enables them to be categorized in order of effect such that others are ranked as extreme, while others as mild. In general, the chapter outlines the individualized as well as the generalized perspective research methodologies encompassed in the learning process. A myriad of methodologies are explained and recommended as pertaining to any education process which, as a matter of fact, is